After many years of utilizing just one map projection, the polyconic, for its mapping application, the u. In order to display some part or all of the earth on a flat surface, a map projection is required. In geodesy, geographic coordinate conversion is defined as translation among different coordinate formats or map projections all referenced to the same geodetic datum. Geological survey professional paper 95, 1987, on pages 107109 and 295298. First, the utility only will work with single sheet excel files.
Professional paper 95 map projections a working manual, by j. Several types of projection software is also mentioned. Geological survey usgs now makes use of a number of of the extra universal projections for its released maps. If you have excel on your computer, it will or should open when you click the link. The only thing that i am not happy with is the small fonts of the book contents. Only the tm and utm projections are considered in this paper. Map projections are useful for presentation purposes and to simplify calculations of distances, areas, and. Converting latitudelongitude to universal transverse. The programs that perform these calculations may be viewed as perl code. The book and its contents are great and i am happy to have this book. A working manual 1987 is available online as a pdf from the u. Scale changes in one direction to be offset by scale changes in the other direction. Whether you treat the earth as a sphere or a spheroid, you must transform its threedimensional surface to create a flat map sheet. Converting utm to latitude and longitude or vice versa.
A guide to map projections in modern cartography texts, by matthew bazylewskyj. Using coordinate systems and projections with plscadd. Crimestat iv chapter 3, workbook national institute of justice. Since the mass of the earth is not uniform at all points, and the direction of gravity changes, the. A datum provides a frame of reference for measuring locations on the surface of the earth. This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for. The projection is defined on the entire sphere, except at one point. Map projection software page city university of new york. A guide to map projections in modern cartography texts, by.
Map projection concerns the science of mathematical cartography, the techniques by which the earths dimensions, shape and features are translated in map form, be that twodimensional paper or two or three dimensional electronic representations. The central focus of this book is on the theory of m. Coordinate reference system ocrs handbook and user guide. There are several sources of public domain cartographic software that perform cartographic projections as well as other geodetic computations such as compute geodesic distances great circles and datum transformations. For larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the state base map series, conformal projections such as the transverse mercator and the lambert conformal conic are used.
Formula for state plane to latlon conversion geonet. Most major spreadsheet programs can read spreadsheets in other formats. Snyder, 1987 an album of map projections usgs pp 1453, j. Whether you treat the earth as a sphereor a spheroid,you must transform its threedimensional surface to create a flat map sheet. It is not the purpose of this technote to delve into the details of this, but there are plenty of other resources out there on this subject. Does anyone know where i can find the equation to put into excel that will convert ct state plane. Mathematical cartography also takes in map scales and their variation, the. All projections of a sphere on a plane necessarily distort the surface in some way and to some extent. One source that we would recommend if you are interested in these theories is excerpts from.
Geological survey usgs now uses several of the more common projections for its published maps. A map projection is a systematic representation of all or part of the surface of a round body, especially the earth, on a plane snyder, 1987, map projections a working manual, usgs professional paper 95. This requires a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of the globe into locations on a plane. If projection is not specified here it uses projaeqd azimuthal equidistant. However, beyond 80 degrees, and at low latitudes, they can blow up in excel. A number of equations are also given at world of mathematics and in the ogp guidance note 7. Equivalent or equal area projections a map areaof a given size, a circle three inches in diameter for instance, represents same amount of earth space no matter where on the globe the map area is located. While the equalarea property of projections has long been regarded as the most important property for world maps, projections with intermediate distortion character. One easy way to understand how map projections alter spatial properties is to visualize shining a light through the earth onto a surface, called the projection surface. The formula for the mercator projection is given as an example for plotting projections. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians.
Xml to pdf by renderx xep xslfo f ormatter, visit us at. This mathematical transformation is commonly referred to as a map projection. Intergovernmental committee on surveying and mapping icsm. The book map projections a working manual is reprint of usgs publication under same name by mit. Formula for state plane to latlon conversion geonet, the esri. Projections tend to be the most accurate along the point or line at which they touch the planet. Conversion of latitude and longitude to utm coordinates. Latlong to utm karen ive a spreadsheet that does this 123 for windows, excel will probably accept the file. A sound knowledge of map projections and grids requires an understanding of the mathematical nature of projections and the size and shape of the earth, since in our context. Online map projections a working manual by john snyder ebook pdf download. It is perpendicular to the direction of gravity pull. World map projections are typically intermediate projections that are neither conformal nor equalarea. The earliest reference in the bibliography is to the classical work of ptolemy, which is circa 150 a.
A working manual and an album of map projections for further reference. The post1973 editions of the alaska map e more nearly approximate an equidistant conic map projection. Map projections page 3 introduction to map projections although earth images and map data that you use are typically rendered onto flat surfaces such as your computer screen or a sheet of paper, the earths surface obviously is not flat. Yes, you should be able to use the 72 guidance note, or snyder s map projections. Map projections can be created mechanically or mathematically.
See also this tool is used to convert between latitudelongitude and utm coordinates in a particular bus. Snyder, pdf, 1997 cegis map projection bibliography usgs, database, 2011 map projections a working manual usgs pp 95, j. A working manual, which is available as a pdf here. The circle gives the impression that worcester is approximately the same distance from boston as new hampshire, and that the state is nearly five times longer, east to west, as it is northtosouth. Microsoft excel spreadsheets of krcs projection parameters, 6mile. Interested readers can find an extensive list of mapping equations with numerical examples in map projections a working manual by j. The beginning of the book contains substantial introductory information about map projection families and distortions. It defines the origin and orientation of latitude and longitude lines. The main users manual for proj, however, this verticaldatums working notes on the project to support vertical datums in map projections.
The map of massachusetts in unprojected decimal degrees of longitude and latitude note the proportion of the lines and the circle. Microsoft powerpoint presentation files and posters in pdf and. Map projections a working manual by john snyder doc. The tool is located in the geography tab of a bus or substation dialog in the run or edit mode. The central focus of this book is on the theory of map projections. Dec 03, 2011 common map projections what are some common map projections and what agencies use them. Rocky mountain tribal coordinate reference system northern. Title change was due to inclusion of 11 additional projections. In geometry, the stereographic projection is a particular mapping function that projects a sphere onto a plane. I saw us military maps of germany shift their utm grids by about 300 meters when a more modern. A map projection is a way to flatten a globes surface into a plane in order to make a map. Snyder abstract after decades of using only one map projection, the polyconic, for its mapping program, the u. Thomas work can be regarded as the definitive derivation of the tm formulae.
After decades of using only one map projection, the polyconic, for its mapping program, the u. Where it is defined, the mapping is smooth and bijective. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we. Page 3 earth is essentially a sphere, although a number of intellectuals nearly 2,000 years earlier were convinced of this. The formulae these programs are based on appear in map projections, a working manual by john p. Even to the scholars who considered the earth flat, the skies appeared hemispherical, however. Each shape can touch or cut through the earth at any point and from any angle, dramatically changing the area that is most accurate and the shape of the finished map. I think i found the equations in snyder 1987 map projections a working manual, usgs prof. Geological survey professional paper 95, 385 pages. The chronology is summarized in tables 2 and 3 and needs only a few additional remarks. One easy way to understand how map projections alter spatial properties is to visualize shining a light through. Microsoft power map for excel is a threedimensional 3d data visualization tool for microsoft excel 20 which provides a powerful method for people to look at information in new ways.